Biological Techniques

Science Laboratory Technology · Level 6  ·  7 Chapters

Compiled by: Kevin Rotich

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What Biological Techniques covers

In this unit, you will be able to confidently handle and prepare a variety of biological specimens and tests with precision and care, from cytology to microbiology and food analysis. You will master the skills to operate laboratory equipment safely, produce accurate reports, and responsibly manage living specimens and cultures. By the end, you’ll be ready to contribute effectively in real-world laboratory settings, ensuring both scientific accuracy and ethical standards in your work.

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Careers after Biological Techniques

In this unit you’ll master the hands-on laboratory skills that keep Kenya’s health, food, agriculture and research sectors running safely and efficiently. Whether you join a bustling hospital lab, set up a community food-testing service, or help preserve the country’s rich plant heritage, these abilities open doors to stable jobs, freelance work and even your own micro-enterprise.

  • County referral hospitals and private diagnostic laboratories - you extract and prepare cytological specimens, examine them under the microscope and write accurate test reports, earning a regular salary as a laboratory technologist or a contract fee for specialist cytology services.
  • Food-processing plants in the Rift Valley (tea, coffee, dairy and meat factories) - you assemble food-test apparatus, prepare reagents, run safety and quality tests on raw and finished products, and produce compliance reports, receiving a wage as a quality-control analyst or per-batch payment for freelance testing.
  • County health department food-safety units - you conduct routine food sample testing, document findings in formal reports and help enforce public-health standards, earning a government salary and possible overtime for outbreak investigations.
  • Veterinary diagnostic labs and animal-health clinics in Kiambu or Mombasa - you sterilize microbiology equipment, prepare culture media, culture animal pathogens and generate microbial culture reports, earning a steady income as a veterinary lab technician or as a consultant for livestock farms.
  • Research farms and agribusiness research stations - you handle laboratory animals, sex them, perform humane killing, dissect specimens for physiological studies and dispose of carcasses safely, receiving project-based fees or a salaried position in animal-research support.
  • Botanical gardens and herbarium centres in Nairobi, Kisumu or Eldoret - you assemble herbarium tools, maintain garden collections, collect and press plant specimens according to scientific guidelines, and label herbarium sheets, earning a wage as a horticulture technician or payment per specimen for biodiversity surveys.
  • Environmental NGOs and community conservation projects - you collect plant specimens for ecological assessments, prepare herbarium vouchers and contribute to biodiversity databases, earning stipends or per-project contracts for field work.
  • Small-scale food entrepreneurs and community cooperatives - you set up a modest laboratory to test your own products, offer testing services to neighbouring producers, and charge fees for each analysis, turning your laboratory skills into a micro-enterprise.
  • University teaching and research laboratories - you prepare specimens, demonstrate microscopy techniques to students, and assist in generating lab reports, earning a teaching assistant stipend or part-time employment as a lab support staff member.

Your expertise in precise specimen handling, safe laboratory practices and clear reporting will make you an essential asset wherever science meets everyday life in Kenya. Keep practicing, stay curious, and let these skills guide you to a rewarding career that safeguards health, food and the environment.

Chapters

What Biological Techniques covers: 43 main topics in 7 chapters

1. Perform cytological test

  1. 1.1 Identification of plant and animal cells and tissues and their structures
  2. 1.2 Isolation and staining of plant and animal cells
  3. 1.3 Microscopy and micrometry
  4. 1.4 Types of microscopes
  5. 1.5 Movement of substances in and out of the cell
  6. 1.6 Preparation of solutions of various concentrations to demonstrate diffusion and osmosis
  7. 1.7 Active transport
  8. 1.8 Cell division

2. Perform food test

  1. 2.1 Apparatus used for food test
  2. 2.2 Preparation of reagents used for food test
  3. 2.3 Laboratory practical report writing

3. Carry out microbiological techniques

  1. 3.1 Types of microorganisms
  2. 3.2 Aseptic techniques
  3. 3.3 Sterilization techniques
  4. 3.4 Preparation of culture media
  5. 3.5 Types of culture media
  6. 3.6 Culture of microorganisms
  7. 3.7 Preparation and observation of bacterial smears
  8. 3.8 Disposal of pathogenic materials

4. Care for laboratory animals

  1. 4.1 Types of laboratory animals
  2. 4.2 Housing, feeding and handling of laboratory animals
  3. 4.3 Humane killing of laboratory animals
  4. 4.4 Dissection of laboratory animals
  5. 4.5 Diseases and pests' control in an animal house
  6. 4.6 Methods of disposal of carcasses

5. Carry out herbarium techniques

  1. 5.1 Tools for plant specimen collection
  2. 5.2 Methods of collecting of plant specimens
  3. 5.3 Pest control
  4. 5.4 Types of herbarium specimen
  5. 5.5 Preservation of plant specimens
  6. 5.6 Labelling, Storage and display of plant specimens

6. Cary out museum techniques

  1. 6.1 Collection of museum specimen
  2. 6.2 Tools used for museum specimen collection
  3. 6.3 Types of museum specimen
  4. 6.4 Preservation of animal specimen
  5. 6.5 Labelling, Storage and display of animal specimen

7. Conduct ecological experiments

  1. 7.1 Terminologies used in ecology
  2. 7.2 Ecological equipment
  3. 7.3 Use and care of ecological equipment
  4. 7.4 Identification of Biotic factors
  5. 7.5 Ecological interactions
  6. 7.6 Identification of Abiotic factors
  7. 7.7 Population estimation methods

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Beyond the syllabus

Other units in Module I