Construction of pig structures is a fundamental skill for animal production professionals in Kenya, providing essential housing that ensures pig health, welfare, and productivity. Properly constructed pigpens protect animals from harsh weather, predators, and disease while facilitating efficient management practices such as feeding, cleaning, and breeding. This chapter focuses on the tools, equipment, and materials required for constructing durable and functional pig structures adapted to Kenya’s diverse climatic and economic conditions.

1.1 Construction tools, equipment and materials

Construction of pig structures requires a combination of manual tools, mechanical equipment, and suitable materials to achieve a safe, hygienic, and cost-effective environment. Knowledge of these resources is vital for animal production workers involved in piggery setup, maintenance, and upgrading.

1.1.1 Tools saw

The saw is a critical hand tool used in cutting timber and other materials during pig structure construction. Selecting the appropriate saw type and understanding its specifications ensures precision and safety on the job site.

Types of saws used in pig structure construction

Several saw types are commonly used in piggery construction, each suited to specific cutting needs:

• Hand saw: A manual saw with a serrated blade, ideal for small timber cuts and detailed work where power tools are unavailable. It offers control but requires physical effort.

Hand saw with handle and serrated blade (Source: Wikimedia Commons)

• Circular saw: A power saw with a rotating blade, suitable for straight, fast cuts in large timber pieces. It increases productivity but requires electricity or fuel.

• Back saw: Designed for precise cuts, especially for joints and framing in pigpens, with a reinforced back to maintain blade stability.

• Jigsaw: Useful for curved or intricate cuts in plywood or plastic sheets used in pigpen roofing or partitions.

• Hacksaw: Primarily for cutting metal pipes or rods used in fencing and support structures within the piggery.

Saw specifications relevant to piggery construction

Maintenance and safety when using saws

Proper maintenance and safe handling of saws prevent accidents and extend tool lifespan:

• Blade sharpening: Regularly sharpen saw blades to ensure clean cuts and reduce user effort.
• Cleaning: Remove sawdust and debris after use to prevent blade clogging and corrosion.
• Storage: Store saws in dry locations to avoid rust, preferably hanging or in toolboxes.

• Safety gear: Use protective gloves and goggles to prevent injuries from blade contact and flying particles.

• Correct technique: Always cut away from the body and secure materials firmly to avoid slippage.

1.1.2 Equipment

Beyond hand tools, various equipment enhances efficiency and quality in constructing pig structures. These may be manual-powered, or mechanized depending on scale and available resources.

Mixing equipment for concrete and mortar

Concrete and mortar are vital for foundations, floors, and walls in pigpens. Efficient mixing equipment ensures uniform consistency and strength.

• Manual mixing tools: Shovels and hoes are used for small batches, common in rural farms with limited mechanization.
• Concrete mixers: Portable electric or diesel mixers improve mixing speed and quality for medium to large piggery projects.

Two yellow concrete mixers on a construction site (Source: Wikipedia (Concrete mixer))

• Wheelbarrows: For transporting mixed concrete or mortar to the construction site, reducing manual carrying strain.

A single metal wheelbarrow with one wheel (Source: Wikimedia Commons)

Earthmoving and excavation equipment

Proper site preparation involves earthmoving to create level foundations and drainage.

• Spades and picks: Manual tools for digging trenches and leveling ground, essential in smallholder farms.
• Excavators or backhoes: Used in commercial farms to speed up foundation digging and site clearance.
• Rakes and levellers: For smoothing soil surfaces before laying foundations or floors.

Measuring and marking equipment

Accurate measurements ensure structural integrity and compliance with design specifications.

• Measuring tapes: Steel or fiberglass tapes measuring 5-30 meters for length and width measurements.
• Spirit levels: To check horizontal and vertical alignment of walls and floors.

Close-up of a spirit level bubble vial (Source: Wikipedia (Spirit level))

• Plumb bobs: For verifying verticality of posts and walls.
• Marking chalk and pencils: For layout marking on wood, concrete, or soil.

1.1.3 Materials

The choice of construction materials influences the durability, cost, and suitability of pig structures in Kenya’s varied climates. Materials must balance affordability and functionality to promote sustainable pig farming.

Timber and wood products

Timber remains a popular material for pigpen frames and roofing due to its availability and ease of handling.

• Hardwood: Durable and resistant to termite attack, used for structural posts and beams.
• Softwood: More affordable but less durable, suitable for non-load bearing applications or temporary structures.
• Treated timber: Chemically treated to resist rot and pests, extending lifespan in humid or termite-prone areas.
• Plywood sheets: Used for walls and partitions, offering smooth surfaces that are easy to clean.
• Wood preservatives: Applied to prolong timber life and maintain hygiene in pigpens.

Concrete and masonry materials

Concrete floors and walls provide durable, hygienic surfaces that facilitate cleaning and disease control.

• Cement: Portland cement is the common binding agent for concrete and mortar.

• Sand: Fine aggregate mixed with cement for mortar and concrete.

• Gravel: Coarse aggregate added to concrete for strength and stability.

Close-up of construction gravel stones (Source: Wikimedia Commons)

• Concrete blocks: Used for constructing walls, offering better insulation and durability than timber.

• Rebar steel: Reinforcement bars embedded in concrete to enhance tensile strength.

Roofing materials

Roofing protects pigs from sun, rain, and wind, impacting their health and productivity.

• Corrugated iron sheets: Durable and commonly used, though they can increase heat inside the pigpen.

corrugated iron sheet with brand marking (Source: Wikimedia Commons)

• Thatched roofing: Traditional and cost-effective, offering good insulation but requiring frequent maintenance.
• Asbestos cement sheets: Resistant to fire and corrosion but less common due to health concerns.

Workers installing asbestos cement roofing sheets (Source: Wikimedia Commons)

• Plastic roofing sheets: Lightweight and easy to install, suitable for small structures.
• Insulation materials: Used beneath roofing sheets to reduce heat buildup in hot climates.

Fencing and pen flooring materials

Fencing secures pigs and separates groups, while flooring affects hygiene and comfort.

• Galvanized wire mesh: Resistant to rust, used for fencing to keep pigs contained and predators out.
• Concrete flooring: Smooth and sloped for drainage, facilitating cleaning and waste removal.
• Wooden slats: Raised flooring allowing waste to fall through, improving pig cleanliness.
• Rubber mats: Provide comfort and reduce injuries, especially in breeding pens.
• Stone or brick: Used for low walls and foundations, providing stability and durability.

Chapter Summary

This chapter explored the essential tools, equipment, and materials required for constructing pig structures, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate saws, machinery, and building supplies. It emphasized the critical factors involved in choosing a suitable site for pig housing, considering aspects such as drainage, ventilation, and proximity to water sources. The detailed process of constructing pig structures was outlined, focusing on design, layout, and assembly techniques to ensure durability and animal welfare. Maintenance practices were discussed to prolong the lifespan of the structures and maintain a healthy environment for the pigs. The chapter also covered the importance of keeping accurate records related to construction and maintenance activities to facilitate effective management. Finally, it addressed waste management strategies crucial for controlling pollution and promoting sustainability within pig production systems.