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Mechatronics Technology  ·  Level 5
Programmable Logic Control (Plc) Systems
Chapter 1: Install PLC system
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Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are fundamental in modern industrial automation systems, particularly in mechatronics technology where integration of mechanical, electronic, and control systems is essential. In Kenya, industries such as manufacturing plants, agro-processing facilities, and automated warehouses increasingly depend on PLCs to enhance efficiency, reliability, and precision. This chapter introduces the concept of PLCs, tracing their evolution from early relay-based control to sophisticated digital controllers that underpin contemporary industrial automation.

1.1 Introduction to PLCs

1.1.1 Definition of Programmable Logic Controllers

A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a specialized digital computer designed to control manufacturing processes or machinery by monitoring inputs, making decisions based on a custom program, and controlling outputs accordingly. Unlike general-purpose computers, PLCs are engineered to operate reliably in harsh industrial environments where dust, moisture, vibration, and electrical noise are common. They replace traditional control panels with relays and timers, centralizing control logic in programmable memory that can be easily updated or modified.

PLCs interpret input signals from sensors or switches and execute a programmed logic to control actuators such as motors, valves, and lights. This enables automation of complex sequences such as assembly lines, robotic arms, and conveyor systems. In Kenyan industries like food processing factories, PLCs manage temperature control, sorting operations, and packaging lines, improving consistency and reducing manual errors.

1.1.2 Role of PLC Systems in Industrial Automation

PLCs serve as the backbone of industrial automation by providing a flexible, reliable platform for controlling machines and processes. Their programmability allows rapid adaptation to production changes without rewiring, which is crucial for Kenyan manufacturers facing market fluctuations or custom orders. Automation through PLCs enhances productivity by enabling continuous, high-speed operation with minimal human intervention.

PLC systems integrate with other automation devices such as Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs), sensors, and actuators to form distributed control systems. This integration improves data collection and real-time monitoring, supporting preventive maintenance and operational decision-making. For instance, in a county government water treatment plant, PLCs regulate chemical dosing and pump operations, ensuring water quality and compliance with regulatory standards.

1.1.3 History of PLC Technology

The origin of PLCs dates back to the late 1960s when the automotive industry sought to replace complex relay-based control panels with a programmable solution. General Motors pioneered the first PLC to reduce the time and cost associated with rewiring control circuits for different vehicle models. This innovation quickly spread to other industries due to its flexibility and ease of programming.

Over the decades, PLCs evolved from simple relay replacement devices with limited memory and processing power to advanced systems capable of handling complex algorithms, networking, and data analytics. Early PLCs had basic ladder logic programming, while modern units support multiple programming languages and communication protocols such as Modbus and Ethernet/IP. Kenyan industries adopting newer PLC models benefit from enhanced scalability and integration with enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.

1.1.4 Evolution of PLCs in the Kenyan Industrial Context

In Kenya, the adoption of PLC technology started in large-scale manufacturing and utilities sectors during the 1990s, gradually expanding to small and medium enterprises as costs decreased and technical skills improved. Initially, PLCs were used mainly in sugar mills and textile factories for simple automation tasks. Today, Kenyan mechatronics professionals implement PLCs in diverse applications including automated irrigation systems, packaging machinery, and energy management solutions.

The evolution of PLCs in Kenya reflects global trends towards Industry 4.0, with increasing emphasis on connectivity, real-time data analytics, and smart automation. Local institutions such as the Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI) and technical universities play a pivotal role in training technicians and engineers to design, install, and maintain PLC systems. This ensures that Kenyan industries remain competitive through the efficient use of automation technology.

Practice Questions

  1. Define a Programmable Logic Controller and explain its primary function in industrial automation (10 marks)
  2. Describe five ways in which PLC systems improve industrial operations in Kenyan manufacturing plants (10 marks)
  3. Outline the historical development of PLC technology and its significance to modern automation (15 marks)
  4. Discuss how PLC technology has evolved within the Kenyan industrial sector over the past three decades (15 marks)

Chapter Summary

This chapter introduced Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) as specialized digital computers designed for industrial automation to control machinery and processes. The role of PLC systems in improving efficiency, reliability, and flexibility in manufacturing and production environments was emphasized. The chapter traced the history and evolution of PLC technology, highlighting its transformation from simple relay replacement devices to complex, multifunctional control systems. Key components and functions of PLCs were discussed to provide foundational understanding. The installation process of PLC systems was outlined, detailing necessary steps such as site preparation, hardware setup, wiring, and initial programming. Emphasis was placed on safety precautions and the importance of proper configuration to ensure optimal operation. Finally, the chapter covered common challenges encountered during installation and strategies to address them, ensuring that learners gain practical knowledge for effective PLC system deployment.

Self-Assessment

🔒 PDFDownload this self-assessment, with answers

A. Written Assessment

  1. What is a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) and how does it function in industrial automation? (3 marks)
  2. Identify two key differences between early relay control systems and modern PLCs. (2 marks)
  3. Which decade saw the introduction of the first commercially successful PLC? (1 mark)
  4. Explain the significance of modularity in PLC design. (2 marks)
  5. List three typical applications of PLCs in Kenyan manufacturing or processing industries. (3 marks)
  6. Describe how the evolution of PLC technology has impacted maintenance practices in automated systems. (3 marks)
  7. What role does a PLC play in a mechatronics system involving robotic arms? (2 marks)
  8. Name two major manufacturers of PLCs commonly used in Kenyan industries. (2 marks)
  9. Explain why PLCs have largely replaced relay-based control systems in industrial settings. (3 marks)
  10. What is the importance of the ladder logic programming language in PLC operation? (2 marks)
Show Answers
  1. A PLC is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, functioning by receiving inputs from sensors, processing logic, and controlling actuators. It automates complex industrial tasks reliably and flexibly.
  2. Relay systems use physical electromechanical relays for logic, while PLCs use software-based logic; PLCs are programmable and easier to modify compared to fixed relay wiring.
  3. 1960s
  4. Modularity allows easy replacement and upgrading of PLC components such as input/output modules, enabling customization and maintenance flexibility.
  5. Examples include automated bottling plants, textile manufacturing lines, and automated irrigation control in large farms.
  6. With PLCs, maintenance shifts from mechanical relay replacement to software diagnostics and firmware updates, improving troubleshooting speed and reducing downtime.
  7. The PLC sequences and coordinates movements, processes sensor feedback, and ensures precise timing for robotic arm operations.
  8. Siemens and Allen-Bradley (Rockwell Automation)
  9. PLCs offer programmability, scalability, faster response times, easier troubleshooting, and reduced physical wiring compared to relay systems.
  10. Ladder logic provides an intuitive graphical programming language resembling electrical relay logic, simplifying programming and troubleshooting for technicians familiar with electrical control systems.

B. Oral Assessment

  1. Discuss how the introduction of PLCs has transformed industrial automation in Kenya’s manufacturing sector. Include specific examples.
  2. Explain the challenges faced when transitioning from relay-based control systems to PLC-based systems in Kenyan industries and how these can be addressed.
Answer Guide

Question 1 key points:

  • PLCs have enabled more flexible, reliable, and scalable automation compared to relay controls.
  • Example: In a Nairobi-based beverage bottling plant, PLCs control conveyor belts and filling machines, improving efficiency and reducing downtime.
  • PLCs facilitate integration with other systems such as SCADA for enhanced monitoring.

Question 2 key points:

  • Challenges include initial cost of PLC hardware and training staff on programming and maintenance.
  • Resistance to change from technicians accustomed to relay systems.
  • Addressed by investing in capacity building, phased implementation, and vendor support for troubleshooting.

C. Case Study

At a tea processing factory in Kericho, the management plans to upgrade from relay-based control panels to a PLC system to automate their leaf withering and drying processes.

Tasks:
a) Identify the advantages the factory will gain by installing a PLC system over the existing relay controls. (5 marks)
b) Outline the key steps involved in installing the PLC system in this industrial setup. (6 marks)
c) Recommend strategies to ensure smooth transition and staff adaptation to the new PLC system. (4 marks)

Before implementing a new PLC system, it is crucial to ensure that staff can adapt smoothly and operations are not disrupted. The following strategies can be adopted to facilitate a successful transition in a Kenyan industrial context:

Strategies for Smooth Transition and Staff Adaptation

  1. Comprehensive Training Sessions: Organize in-depth training workshops for operators, technicians, and engineers, focusing on PLC programming, troubleshooting, and maintenance. For example, the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) often partners with local TVETs to deliver such training tailored to specific industrial needs.
  2. Early Staff Involvement: Involve key staff members in the planning and implementation phases. By participating in system selection and design, employees at a Kericho tea factory can provide valuable insights and feel a sense of ownership over the new technology.
  3. Hands-On Practice with PLC Systems: Provide opportunities for staff to work directly with PLC hardware and software in a controlled environment before full deployment. For instance, using a PLC trainer kit at the factory’s maintenance workshop allows technicians to gain confidence and experience.
  4. Vendor Support and Technical Assistance: Establish a support agreement with the PLC supplier, such as Siemens Kenya, to ensure prompt assistance with troubleshooting and system updates during the initial months after installation.
  5. Phased Implementation: Roll out the PLC system in stages, starting with less critical processes. This approach, used by companies like Mumias Sugar Company, allows staff to gradually adapt while minimizing risks to production.

Chapter Examination Questions

🔒 PDFDownload these examination questions, with worked answers

SECTION A (40 Marks) - Answer ALL Questions

  1. Define a Programmable Logic Controller and explain its primary role in industrial automation systems. (4 marks)
  2. Describe the main components that make up a typical PLC system used in manufacturing plants. (4 marks)
  3. Outline the historical development of PLC technology and identify the key innovations that shaped its evolution. (4 marks)
  4. Explain how PLCs have replaced traditional relay-based control systems in Kenyan industries such as tea processing factories. (4 marks)
  5. Discuss the advantages of using PLCs in automated packaging lines in Kenyan food processing companies. (4 marks)
  6. Identify the typical programming languages used for PLCs and their relevance to mechatronics technicians. (4 marks)
  7. Describe the function of input and output modules in a PLC system and provide examples relevant to automated water treatment plants. (4 marks)
  8. Explain the concept of ladder logic programming and its significance in PLC applications in Kenyan manufacturing. (4 marks)
  9. Discuss the impact of PLC technology on maintenance practices in automated production lines in Kenyan assembly plants. (4 marks)
  10. Describe how PLC systems integrate with other industrial automation components such as sensors and actuators in a mechatronics setup. (4 marks)
Section A - Answers
  1. A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines. Its primary role is to monitor inputs, make decisions based on a program, and control outputs to automate industrial processes efficiently.
  2. A typical PLC system includes a central processing unit (CPU), input/output (I/O) modules, power supply, communication interfaces, and programming software. These components work together to process signals and control machinery.
  3. PLC technology began in the late 1960s to replace hardwired relay control systems. Key innovations include the introduction of microprocessor-based CPUs, modular I/O design, and programmable memory, enabling flexible and complex control.
  4. PLCs replaced relay systems by providing faster, more reliable control with easier reprogramming. For example, tea processing factories in Kericho use PLCs to automate sorting and packaging, reducing manual intervention.
  5. PLCs offer advantages such as improved reliability, flexibility in programming, faster response times, and simplified troubleshooting in packaging lines, which increases productivity and reduces downtime.
  6. Common PLC programming languages include Ladder Logic, Function Block Diagrams (FBD), Structured Text (ST), and Sequential Function Charts (SFC). These languages allow mechatronics technicians to create, modify, and troubleshoot control programs effectively.
  7. Input modules receive signals from sensors (e.g., level sensors in water treatment plants), while output modules send commands to actuators (like pumps or valves). This enables automated monitoring and control of water treatment processes.
  8. Ladder logic is a graphical programming language resembling electrical relay logic, making it intuitive for technicians familiar with wiring diagrams. It is widely used in Kenyan manufacturing for controlling automated machines.
  9. PLCs facilitate predictive and condition-based maintenance by providing real-time data and diagnostics, helping Kenyan assembly plants to reduce unplanned downtime and maintenance costs.
  10. PLCs integrate with sensors to receive data (temperature, pressure) and with actuators (motors, solenoids) to execute control commands, forming a complete automated control loop in mechatronics systems.

SECTION B (60 Marks) - Answer any TWO Questions

Question 11 (Compulsory - 20 marks)
At a Nairobi-based dairy processing company, the management plans to replace their outdated relay-based control system with a PLC system to automate the pasteurization process.
a) Explain the steps involved in installing the PLC system for this application, including hardware setup and software configuration. (10 marks)
b) Discuss the benefits the company will gain by switching to a PLC-based control system, focusing on operational efficiency and maintenance. (10 marks)

Question 12 (20 marks)
Analyze the evolution of PLC technology from its inception to modern-day applications, highlighting how these advancements have influenced the design of mechatronics systems in Kenyan manufacturing industries.

Question 13 (20 marks)
Describe the role of input and output modules in a PLC system used in automated irrigation systems on large-scale farms in Kenya. Include the types of sensors and actuators typically interfaced and how they contribute to efficient farm management.

Question 14 (20 marks)
Explain the significance of ladder logic programming in PLC systems and outline the process of developing a simple ladder logic program to control a conveyor belt in a garment factory.

Section B - Answers

Question 11
a) Installation begins with selecting appropriate PLC hardware based on the process requirements, including CPU, I/O modules, and power supply. Next, mounting the PLC in an enclosure near the pasteurization equipment is done, followed by wiring inputs from temperature sensors and outputs to heating elements and valves. Software configuration involves creating control logic using ladder programming, uploading the program to the PLC, and performing system testing and commissioning to ensure correct operation.
b) Benefits include enhanced control precision, faster response times, simplified troubleshooting due to diagnostic features, scalability for future expansion, and reduced downtime through predictive maintenance capabilities, which collectively improve operational efficiency.

Question 12
PLC technology has advanced from simple relay replacements to sophisticated controllers with high processing speeds, extensive memory, and network connectivity. These developments allow integration with SCADA systems and IoT devices, enabling complex automation solutions in Kenyan industries such as automotive assembly and agro-processing. The evolution has made mechatronics systems more flexible, reliable, and easier to maintain.

Question 13
Input modules receive signals from soil moisture sensors, rain gauges, and temperature sensors, providing real-time environmental data. Output modules control actuators such as irrigation valves, pumps, and sprinklers. This setup enables automated irrigation scheduling, conserving water and optimizing crop yield, which is crucial for sustainable farming in arid regions of Kenya.

Question 14
Ladder logic programming is significant because it mimics electrical relay circuits, making it accessible to technicians. Developing a ladder program involves defining inputs (start/stop pushbuttons), outputs (motor control for the conveyor), and control logic (motor runs when start is pressed and stops when stop is pressed or an emergency occurs). The program is tested and debugged before deployment to ensure safe and reliable conveyor operation.

References

  1. TVET CDACC - Programmable Logic Control (Plc) Systems Curriculum (Cycle 3, 2025)
  2. TVET CDACC - Programmable Logic Control (Plc) Systems Occupational Standards

Chapter Practical Activities

Practical 1: Identify and Explain PLC Components on a Simulated PLC System

Mechatronics Technology · Level 5
Programmable Logic Control (Plc) Systems
PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT
TIME: 4 HOURS
⬇ PDFCandidate Instructions (Candidate Tool)

Type: Individual

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:
1.  You are required to perform the following task:
i.  Identify and explain the function of each PLC component on a simulated PLC system measuring approximately 300mm x 200mm x 150mm.
2.  You have been provided with the following resources for the practical task:
Tools & EquipmentMaterials
Wire stripperPLC unit with power supply module
Crimping toolPLC input/output modules
Flat screwdriverPLC programming software installed on computer
Phillips screwdriverPLC communication cable
MultimeterPush button switches (Start and Stop)
Indicator lights (Red, Green, Yellow)
Capacitive proximity sensor (24V DC)
Inductive proximity sensor (24V DC)
Single phase motor
Contactor with 24V DC coil
Single-strand control wires (1.5mm2, PVC insulated)
Labeling stickers
LOTO tag
⬇ PDFResources Required (Cutting List)
S/NItemQuantity
1PLC unit with power supply module1 Pc per Candidate
2PLC input/output modules1 Set per Candidate
3PLC programming software installed on computer1 Pc per Candidate
4PLC communication cable1 Pc per Candidate
5Push button switches (Start and Stop)1 Set per Candidate
6Indicator lights (Red, Green, Yellow)1 Set per Candidate
7Capacitive proximity sensor (24V DC)1 Pc per Candidate
8Inductive proximity sensor (24V DC)1 Pc per Candidate
9Single phase motor1 Pc per Candidate
10Contactor with 24V DC coil1 Pc per Candidate
11Single-strand control wires (1.5mm2, PVC insulated)5 Metres per Candidate
12Wire stripper1 Pc per Candidate
13Crimping tool1 Pc per Candidate
14Flat and Phillips screwdrivers1 Set per Candidate
15Multimeter1 Pc per Candidate
16Labeling stickers1 Set per Candidate
17LOTO tag1 Pc per Candidate
⬇ PDFAssessor Guide
Items to be EvaluatedMarks AvailableMarks ObtainedComments
TASK 1: PPE and Safety Compliance
Wore personal protective equipment: safety boots
(Award 1 mark if worn)		1
Wore personal protective equipment: overall/dust coat
(Award 1 mark if worn)		1
Wore personal protective equipment: electrical gloves
(Award 1 mark if worn)		1
Observed electrical safety rules: isolated power supply before inspection
(Award 2 marks if power safely isolated)		2
Placed LOTO tag correctly on power source with name and date
(Award 2 marks if LOTO tag properly applied)		2
Sub-Total7
TASK 2: Identification and Explanation of PLC Components
Identified PLC power supply module and explained its function
(Award 2 marks for correct identification and explanation)		2
Identified PLC CPU and explained its role
(Award 2 marks for correct identification and explanation)		2
Identified PLC input/output modules and explained their functions
(Award 2 marks for correct identification and explanation)		2
Identified push button switches (start and stop) and explained their function
(Award 2 marks for correct identification and explanation)		2
Identified indicator lights (red, green, yellow) and explained their role
(Award 2 marks for correct identification and explanation)		2
Identified capacitive and inductive proximity sensors and explained their sensing principles
(Award 1.5 marks each for correct identification and explanation)		3
Identified contactor and explained its role in motor control
(Award 2 marks for correct identification and explanation)		2
Identified single phase motor and explained its integration with PLC
(Award 2 marks for correct identification and explanation)		2
Sub-Total17
TASK 3: Wiring and Connections
Used correct tools for wiring and connections
(Award 1 mark each for proper use of wire stripper, crimping tool, screwdrivers)		3
Connected PLC power supply correctly: Live, Neutral, Ground
(Award 1 mark each for correct connection)		3
Connected input devices (start, stop buttons, sensors) to PLC input terminals correctly
(Award 1 mark each for correct wiring)		3
Connected output devices (indicator lights, contactor coil) to PLC output terminals correctly
(Award 1 mark each for correct wiring)		3
Sub-Total12
TASK 4: PLC Programming and Explanation
Opened PLC programming software and established communication with PLC
(Award 1 mark each for connection, detection, software opening)		3
Entered simple ladder logic program to demonstrate start/stop and indicator light control
(Award 2 marks for correct program entry, 2 marks for logic correctness)		4
Explained the role of CPU in executing the program
(Award 2 marks for clear explanation)		2
Explained how input and output modules interface with the CPU and field devices
(Award 2 marks for clear explanation)		2
Sub-Total11
TASK 5: System Testing and Shutdown
Powered ON the PLC system safely
(Award 1 mark if powered on safely)		1
Demonstrated operation of start button to activate green indicator light
(Award 1 mark each for start button and green light operation)		2
Demonstrated stop button function to deactivate system
(Award 1 mark if stop button works correctly)		1
Powered OFF the system and applied proper shutdown procedures
(Award 2 marks for proper shutdown)		2
Sub-Total6
PRODUCT CHECKLIST
Correct identification and labeling of all PLC components on system board within 300mm x 200mm x 150mm layout
(Award 5 marks for accurate labeling and component placement matching dimensions)		5
Sub-Total5
GRAND TOTAL58
ASSESSMENT OUTCOME:   ☐ Competent    ☐ Not Yet Competent (competent if at least 50%)

Practical 2: Assemble a Basic PLC Hardware Setup for Industrial Automation

Mechatronics Technology · Level 5
Programmable Logic Control (Plc) Systems
PRACTICAL ASSESSMENT
TIME: 4 HOURS
⬇ PDFCandidate Instructions (Candidate Tool)

Type: Individual

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:
1.  You are required to perform the following task:
i.  Assemble a basic PLC hardware setup including power supply, CPU, input and output modules mounted on a 300mm x 150mm DIN rail mounting board.
2.  You have been provided with the following resources for the practical task:
Tools & EquipmentMaterials
Screwdrivers (flat and Phillips head)PLC CPU module
Wire stripperPLC power supply 24V DC
Crimping toolPLC input module
MultimeterPLC output module
PLC communication cable3 core power cable 1.5mm2
Single strand control wires 1.5mm2
Connectors and terminals
Cable lugs 1.5mm2
⬇ PDFResources Required (Cutting List)
S/NItemQuantity
1PLC CPU module1 Pc per Candidate
2PLC power supply 24V DC1 Pc per Candidate
3PLC input module1 Pc per Candidate
4PLC output module1 Pc per Candidate
5DIN rail mounting board 300mm x 150mm1 Pc per Candidate
63 core power cable 1.5mm22 metres per Candidate
7Single strand control wires 1.5mm25 metres per Candidate
8Connectors and terminals10 Pcs per Candidate
9Cable lugs 1.5mm2 (fork and pin type)20 Pcs per Candidate
10Screwdrivers (flat and Phillips head)1 set per Candidate
11Wire stripper1 Pc per Candidate
12Crimping tool1 Pc per Candidate
13Multimeter1 Pc per Candidate
14PLC communication cable1 Pc per Candidate
15Computer with PLC programming software1 Pc per Candidate
⬇ PDFAssessor Guide
Items to be EvaluatedMarks AvailableMarks ObtainedComments
TASK 1: Preparation and Safety
Wore personal protective equipment (safety boots, overall/dust coat, electrical gloves)
(Award 1 mark each)		3
Followed proper lockout/tagout (LOTO) procedure: tag placed correctly with name and date, power isolated
(Award 1 mark each)		4
Selected correct tools for assembly: flat screwdriver, Phillips screwdriver, wire stripper, crimping tool, wire cutter
(Award 1 mark each)		5
Sub-Total12
TASK 2: Assembly of PLC Hardware Components
Mounted the PLC power supply, CPU, input and output modules correctly on the DIN rail mounting board
(Award 1 mark each for power supply, CPU, input module, output module)		4
Connected power supply to PLC CPU correctly: live, neutral, ground
(Award 1 mark each)		3
Wired input and output modules to the PLC CPU with correct connectors and terminals
(Award 2 marks each for input and output wiring)		4
Connected PLC communication cable to CPU and verified connection
(Award 2 marks for correct connection and verification)		2
Sub-Total13
TASK 3: Testing and Verification
Powered ON the PLC system safely
(Award 1 mark)		1
Opened PLC programming software and set communication parameters
(Award 1 mark each for opening software, setting parameters, and no errors)		3
Downloaded basic test program to PLC without errors
(Award 2 marks for correct program entry, 3 marks for successful download and run mode)		5
Verified PLC RUN mode and communication with PC
(Award 1 mark each for run mode, PC detection, and stable communication)		3
Sub-Total12
TASK 4: Completion and Clean-up
Powered OFF the system and safely disconnected power
(Award 1 mark)		1
Disassembled setup and stored tools and materials properly
(Award 2 marks for proper disassembly and storage)		2
Sub-Total3
PRODUCT CHECKLIST
PLC hardware components correctly assembled and mounted on DIN rail board (300mm x 150mm)
(Award 2 marks for correct mounting and 2 marks for neatness and secure fixing)		4
All wiring connections correctly made with proper terminals and cable lugs
(Award 4 marks for correctness and neatness)		4
PLC powered and communicating with PC without errors
(Award 4 marks for successful power and communication)		4
Sub-Total12
GRAND TOTAL52
ASSESSMENT OUTCOME:   ☐ Competent    ☐ Not Yet Competent (competent if at least 50%)
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🔒Wire input and output devices to a PLC system as per the wiring diagramPractical 3
🔒Installation of PLC System in Industrial Control PanelPractical 4
🔒Configure PLC Power Supply and Grounding SystemPractical 5
🔒Perform Basic Functional Test of Installed PLC SystemPractical 6
🔒Demonstrate safety procedures during PLC system installationPractical 7
🔒Identify and arrange PLC hardware models by technology generationPractical 8
🔒Demonstrate the role of PLC in controlling an automated conveyor systemPractical 9
🔒Document PLC Installation Process Including System Description, Wiring Diagrams, and Test ResultsPractical 10
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Ch 2: Install application software →